Obesity

Obesity is a chronic condition characterised by excess body fat that increases the risk of numerous health problems, typically defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher. Obesity rates are rising rapidly across Nigeria and urban West Africa, driven by changing diets, reduced physical activity, and urbanisation. It is a major, largely preventable risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and certain cancers.

Obesity itself is defined by excess weight rather than specific symptoms, but associated features can include: • Excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen • Shortness of breath on exertion • Increased sweating • Snoring or sleep disturbances • Joint and back pain, particularly in weight-bearing joints • Fatigue • Skin problems in body folds (irritation, rashes) • Psychological effects, including low self-esteem and depression

Obesity results from a sustained imbalance between calories consumed and calories used, though the underlying causes are complex and multifactorial: • Excess intake of calorie-dense, processed, and high-sugar foods • Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles • Genetic factors that influence metabolism and fat storage • Hormonal and metabolic conditions (e.g. hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome) • Certain medications (some antidepressants, steroids, and diabetes medications) • Psychological factors, including stress and emotional eating • Insufficient sleep, which affects appetite-regulating hormones

• Family history of obesity • Sedentary occupation or lifestyle • Diets high in processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and sugary drinks • Urban living with reduced opportunities for physical activity • Low socioeconomic status combined with limited access to healthy food • Certain medications • Pregnancy (without postpartum weight loss) • Poor sleep habits • Quitting smoking without lifestyle adjustment

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus • Hypertension and heart disease • Stroke • Obstructive sleep apnoea • Osteoarthritis, from excess joint loading • Certain cancers (breast, colon, endometrial, kidney) • Fatty liver disease • Infertility and pregnancy complications • Depression, anxiety, and social stigma • Reduced life expectancy

• Adopt a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein • Limit sugary drinks, fried foods, and highly processed snacks • Engage in regular physical activity — at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly • Monitor portion sizes and eating habits • Get adequate, quality sleep • Manage stress in healthy ways rather than through food • Seek early support for weight management rather than waiting until obesity is advanced • Regular health check-ups to monitor weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar